Mandan Indians Essay Example For Students

Mandan Indians Essay Mandan IndiansThe Mandan Indians were a little, serene clan situated at the mouth of the Knife River on the Missouri close to introduce day Bismarck, North Dakota. The Mandan were generally known for their benevolence and their homes, called earth lodges. The ladies of the Mandan clan tended their nurseries, arranged food, and kept up lodges while the men invested their energy chasing or looking for profound information. The Mandan Indians performed numerous functions, for example, the Buffalo Dance and the Okipa Ceremony that have been the focal point of extraordinary enthusiasm to numerous antiquarians. The Mandan are likewise a significant piece of history since Lewis and Clark went through their first winter with these individuals and met Sacagawea, who helped control them for the remainder of their excursion west. Mandan towns were the focal point of the social, otherworldly, and monetary existences of the Mandan Indians. Towns were deliberately situated on feigns neglecting the waterway for protection purposes, constraining assaults to one land approach. The Mandan lived in earth lodges, which are amazingly huge, round cabins that are 15 feet high and 40-60 feet in width. Every cottage had a vestibule entrance, much like the example of an Eskimo igloo, and a square gap on top, which filled in as a smokestack. Each earth hold up housed 10-30 individuals and their things, and towns contained 50-120 earth lodges. The edge of an earth hold up was produced using tree trunks, which were secured with bungled willow branches. Over the branches they set soil and grass, which instituted the term earth hold up. This sort of development made the rooftops sufficiently able to help individuals on evenings of good climate. The floors of earth lodges were made of soil and the center was uncovered to make a seat around the external edge of the hotel. Including the town were barricades of shafts as tall as six feet high to forestall adversary assaults. In a Mandan town was an enormous, roundabout, open space that was known as the focal square. In the square was a consecrated cedar post that spoke to the Lone Man, a saint to the Mandan. At the North finish of the court was the medication or formal cabin. The course of action of earth holds up around the focal square spoke to the economic wellbeing of every family. Residents who had significant formal obligations were found nearer to the court than the individuals who were most certainly not. The rich, floodplain handle that encompassed the town made farming the premise of Mandan presence. On getting ready food and looking after hotels, supporting nurseries was the errand of ladies inside the town. The agrarian year started in April when ladies would clear the fields by consuming the old stalks and weeds of the earlier years crops. Around May they planted lines of corn, beans, tobacco, pumpkin, sunflowers and squash opposite to the sun with the goal that the yields would get the most daylight. To tend their nurseries, ladies utilized devices, for example, a burrowing stick, rake, and tool made out of wood or bison bones. Mandan gardens had numerous adversaries, including grassland mutts, winged animals, and little rodents. So as to shield their nurseries from these predators they frequently developed scarecrows out of wild ox stow away. Another way Mandan ladies attempted to secure their nurseries was by rehearsing ceremonies that approached the otherworldly for help. Regularly, ladies performed every day purifying ceremonies before entering their nurseries by scouring sage over their bodies, which they accepted would shield their harvests from worms and malady. Reaping started in late August with squash and finished in October with corn. After reap, ladies would dry the corn in frameworks that were worked over the ground. After the corn was dry, ladies picked the seeds that they would use for the following years garden and the rest was covered with other dried nursery things in reserves (underground stockpiling pits) to save them through the winter. These stores were sufficiently profound to require a stepping stool and frequently took a few days to manufacture. When they were manufactured they were fixed with grass and wild ox cover up. The dried corn, squash, and sunflowers were put inside. By what means Can Artificial Intelligence Help Us? Exposition This man was known as the Okipa Maker and so as to support such a service he should amass a huge measure of merchandise, which would thus be parted with during the function. The Okipa Maker relied upon his family and faction to help give the products expected to this occasion. Previously and during the function little youngsters who wished to become men inside the town persevered through extensive stretches of fasting during which a little fellow wanted to be visited by a soul, in creature structure, who might give him force and guide him through life. The idea of their vision was accounted for to older folks to decide their job inside the town. After the vision, the youngsters picked a relative to slice gaps through the skin on their chest and embedded two sticks, connected to a long bit of stow away, that would suspend him noticeable all around from the focal light emissions medication stop. When the kid was rendered oblivious, he was brought down to the ground to recapture cognizance without badgering from others. The target of the function was to test a keeps an eye on continuance and solidarity to guarantee he was to be sure deserving of turning into a warrior. The Mandan Indians are additionally known for the way that Lewis and Clark spent their first winter among these individuals. Lewis and Clark showed up in the Mandan town in November of 1804 following 1,600 miles and 164 days of voyaging and inside about a month built Fort Mandan, which they named after their Indian companions. Lewis and Clark remained with the Mandans for five months during which time they met a hide merchant named Toussaint Charbonneau, his Shoshoni spouse Sacagawea, and their newborn child Jean Baptiste. Sacagaweas country was in the Rocky Mountains, probably close to introduce day Lehmi, Idaho, however she had been captured when she was twelve years of age and after five years was offered to Charbonneau. Lewis and Clark employed Charbonneau and his better half as mediators and advisers for assist them with intersection the western mountains. Sacagawea ended up being exceptionally valuable to Lewis and Clarks undertaking with her amazing ability to know east from west and by instructing the 33-part bunch how to discover wild food, for example, artichokes, carrots and potatoes. She likewise retouched their garments with string and a needle made out of flying creature bone. When the outing was finished she had made 338 sandals for the men of the endeavor. Contact with Europeans in the late 1700s put the Mandan facing illness, a foe they couldn't battle. Little pox constrained the Mandan to move to Fort Berthhold Indian Reservation, alongside their neighbors the Arikaras and the Hidatsas, who were likewise tormented with malady. Right up 'til today numerous Mandan Indians live close Mandan, North Dakota directly over the Missouri River from Bismarck, North Dakota. Consistently the Mandan Indians and a few other region clans have a pow wow where they perform moves and sell adornments and nourishment for crowds from all around the globe. Post Lincoln State Park Mandan Village is a recreation center found simply outside Mandan that has a little town of real earth holds up that guests can stroll into and see. Guests feel like they have been reclaimed into a piece of history since all the things one would have found during that time are in the cabins. One hotel even has a man (not genuine) dangling from the rafters speaking to the Okipa Ceremony. The recreation center is a really astonishing sight to see and keeps the memory fit as a fiddle about the Mandan Indians legacy and lifestyle.

How people with such different background can make friends with each Essay - 1

How individuals with such unique foundation can warm up to one another - Essay Example Naturally, when one visits another spot, they are bound to make an immediate association with those they share culture or foundation with since numerous fellowships sprout on basic grounds. Take my case for example; when I initially showed up in America, I was anxious and uneasy about pretty much everything. I kept continually advising myself that I was an outsider, and some way or another this more likely than not impacted my impression of how my kindred understudies, particularly the Americans, saw me. Therefore, it was simpler to befriend Chinese individuals †either the Chinese Americans or the Chinese individuals living in America. This was on the grounds that around them, I didn't feel hesitant, and I mixed in substantially more effectively; in any case, as I came to discover that with the advantage of research and individual encounters it can likewise be anything but difficult to make companions and interface with individuals from various societies. Such communications can be fulfilling and edifying since one can gain proficiency with a ton about various societies; in addition, with every one of our disparities, each individual can discover some comparatively among themselves and any other individual as long as every one of them shows enthusiasm for knowing the other. Interfacing with new individuals in another nation without anyone else is a typical encounter; this is on the grounds that every one of you is in one manner new to your current condition. After I moved into my home, I once in a while invested a lot of my free energy there, and each other end of the week or when I had spare time, I would go out visiting my Chinese companions or their families. Truth be told, in my initial not many days, I barely talked in excess of a couple of words to any of my level mates, who were not Chinese, and there were a not very many of these. As it were, in my brain, I was still in China since I was effectively keeping away from any non-Chinese culture in what my American companion Chris later disclosed to me was a quest for solidness. Nonetheless, one Sunday evening I was in my room perusing, and my PC smashed; I thought about what the

My Favorite Libraries

My Favorite Libraries I can’t believe that the first semester of this school year is already beginning to wind down. With the end of the semester, of course, comes preparing for final projects and final exams. Finals can be a stressful time for many students. It is important that you manage your time wisely and pace yourself in order to keep from feeling overwhelmed. While it is totally acceptable to study in your room, if you are like me, your room may offer too many distractions. If I am in my room, I find myself being more tempted to binge-watch something on TV or listen to music rather than focus on my studies. Acknowledging this, I often choose to study elsewhere on campus. Fun Fact: Did you know that the University of Illinois has one of the largest public university library systems in the United States? With this information in mind, I have compiled a list of my favorite libraries on campus to study in. The Law Library: In my opinion, the Law Library is the best place to study and the quietest library on campus. Unfortunately, it closes at midnight, and during the later hours of the evening access is restricted to Law students, so if you are the type of student who likes to pull an all-nighter, you might want to look elsewhere. Natural History Building (third floor, commons area): Okay, so this isn’t technically a library. However, I think that it is easily one of the most beautiful rooms on campus. It is generally very quiet and I love coming here to study. The Natural History Building underwent a significant renovation only four years ago. The labs and classrooms in this building are awesome but the commons area on the third floor is one of the most beautiful rooms that you can experience on campus. Its truly a hidden gem. ACES Library: While it is usually a little more populated than the Law Library, it is still a good library for studying; ample table space and overall a very good environment to read and study. Plus, it is also open a little later for the night owls like myself. Main Library: The Main Library is a beautiful building. It also houses the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, should you want or need to examine an original document from a specific time period in history or the personal papers of Carl Sandburg, for example. I love going to study here because it has that “classic library” aesthetic that I find pleasing. If you speak to the staff at the circulation desk you can learn about the history and contributions of the celebrated university librarian, Hugh Atkinson. Undergraduate Library: Connected via an underground tunnel to the Main Library is the Undergraduate Library (colloquially known as UGL). The UGL is a great place to come and work on group projects because there are group work rooms that you can reserve in order to work together while remaining undisturbed. Additional bonus: There’s an Espresso Royale here which proves useful for those late night study sessions. Grainger Engineering Library: Grainger is another beautiful library here on campus, and as you will quickly be able to notice, it is one of the most popular libraries for studying. Many students make this location their first study destination, for good reason. It is open 24 hours, very large, and offers amazing views. Now you know my favorite places to study on campus! I hope that this list will help you when you are looking for a place to tackle those projects, papers, and exams in the future! If you are curious about the University of Illinois library system or would like more information about all of the libraries here on campus, visit the University Library website. Tony Class of 2019 I am a first-generation, non-traditional, transfer student studying Advertising in the College of Media. I grew up in Pleasant Hill, Illinois and spent nearly 10 years recording and touring all over North America as a professional musician.

Charlemagne and the Battle of Roncevaux Pass

Addiction of Social Media - 1098 Words

Social Media: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly Truth. The very first electronic mail was sent in 1971 but in just over 40 years, social media has become a global phenomenon. Social media are websites or applications that allow people to share their ideas, thoughts and feelings through mediums like photos, music and videos. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Ask.fm are just a few examples of such platforms. Social media has made the world a smaller place with just a click of a few buttons. One could literally do anything, such as, posting photos, making videos or exchanging ideas. Furthermore, through social media, one can also readily share ideas and easily communicate with people around the globe. With the convenience and accessibility it brings,†¦show more content†¦It seemed they are more likely to make and reach out to online friends for emotional support (Routledge, 2015). Today, people are much more dependent on their smartphones and other electronic gadgets, and consequently, less dependent on actual human interactions. Many people do not realize the gradual strain in actual social relations because these relationships are usually not as intimate (Ma, 2011). Social media has led to antisocial behaviors, in which there are lesser physical social interactions and less intimate ties. Over the years, there have also been concerns about the connection between social media and mental health. These issues have been increasing. People often invest their time on Facebook, trying to escape their feelings of depression, but social media itself can actually be the root cause of negative feelings (Healthcare, 2015). Being too hooked on social media can actually cause insomnia, suicide and other mental illness. The recommended hours of sleep per night is 8 hours, but with social media in the way, people are only getting 6 hours and 21 minutes of sleep (Whiteman, 2014). People think that once you sleep, the brain shuts off, however in all entirety, the brain is actually working by keeping the relevant memories and getting rid of the irrelevant ones that is not needed anymore (Stein, 2014a). So the later people sleep, the less the brain can actually do any of its activities andShow MoreRelatedAddiction To Social Media Addiction736 Words   |  3 PagesSocial media has been p roven to be addictive, but like the drug LSD, the effects vary from person to person; adolescents and persons with narcissistic traits are the most commonly affected, while depression is the biggest identifier it is also being the most common side effect. While social media has become the prominent communication medium of the day, as a society we have commonly avoided the fact that social media is as addictive as any substance in existence. Even though it is now know thatRead MoreAddiction To Social Media Addiction1052 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media is a part of everyone’s life. Social media issues permeate every aspect of a young person’s life these days, whether it’s revealing too much info about their boyfriend or girlfriend on Snapchat, having public spats with their friends on Twitter, or inadvertently inviting gatecrashers by posting party details on Facebook. Whether it’s at school or at home, social media impactedRead MoreSocial Media Addiction2645 Words   |  11 PagesSocial Media Addiction: Effects on Mental Well-being By Wesley Poore wpoore@unomaha.edu The author is an undergraduate in the School of Communication, University of Nebraska at Omaha. This paper was written for a Social Media Metrics course in Spring, 2013. Social Media Addiction: Effects on Mental Well-being This paper will focus on Internet addiction and the potential psychological issues it can create for college students. The Internet is changing the way we live but notRead MoreSocial Media Addiction : The Society1527 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Media Addiction: Blighting Our Society Social media has the ability to help people greatly in connecting with each other. A friend from childhood could be found from across the world in just minutes at little cost if they have a Facebook account. That was impossible even 20 years ago. However, this is not always the case, as more and more people seem to feel disconnected from the people around them due to social media. Despite being a simple way to make and keep friends, it can be a drainRead MoreSubdiction To Social Media Addiction836 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem today is social media addiction. Too many people are getting too distracted by their phones or tablets. Some people feel they are being ignored by another person because they are paying attention to an electronic device. I find this topic very interesting because it is something that almost everybody experiences.Before I started my research, I created five questions about social media addiction that I could have the answer to, in the future. Is being addicted to social media a bad thing? WhyRead MoreFacebook and Social Media Addiction938 Words   |  4 Pagescrying over an electronic device. At that point she understood that her daughter was falling into the deep, dark hole of social media addiction. Why are social sites like a drug to some people? Is it normal to use the Internet a lot? What really makes a person addicted to a social media site? To answer these crucial questions, one must understand completely what an addiction is. Contrary to popular belief, it’s not only drug, alcohol and sex related but is defined as the habitual repetition ofRead MoreThe Problems Brought by Social Media Addiction759 Words   |  3 Pagesrelationships now involve the use of a computer on social media sites. However, social media now is believed to be related to deeper issues in a person’s life. Studies show that almost 17 percent of children and teens have an internet addiction. For prevention, parents should monitor and openly discuss the internet usage in their home. â€Å"Children are experts in social media, with parents running to catch up†, exclaimed a specialist. Social Media has allowed people of all ages to connect from anywhereRead MoreSocial Media Addiction O r Relationship Barrier?1068 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media Addiction or Relationship Barrier? As the generations continue to progress, it seems as though it becomes more difficult to even imagine life as a Norman Rockwell painting. 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In the Shallows, Carr is making the argument that intenrt is affecting our cognition, using research from the field of neuroscience to back up his claims, but what he’s also doing, unintentionally is making the argument thatRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Social Media Addiction1026 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media has become a plague in our world today, it’s like a disease that is spread around very quickly, and super-fast. For example, some old family members of mine, who I would have never expected to use social media are now using it, and they have become very good at using it, their black belts of social media if you will. They heard young people talking about it, so it made them wonder â€Å"if teenagers are excited about this whole new trend might as well give it a shot, and see how well we do

Part Four Chapter IX Free Essays

IX The Yarvil and District Gazette erred on the side of caution in reporting what had been said during the most acrimonious Pagford Parish Council meeting in living memory. It made little difference; the bowdlerized report, augmented by the vivid eye-witness descriptions offered by all who had attended, still created widespread gossip. To make matters worse, a front-page story detailed the anonymous internet attacks in the dead man’s name that had, to quote Alison Jenkins, ’caused considerable speculation and anger. We will write a custom essay sample on Part Four Chapter IX or any similar topic only for you Order Now See page four for full report.’ While the names of the accused and the details of their supposed misdemeanours were not given, the sight of ‘serious allegations’ and ‘criminal activity’ in newsprint disturbed Howard even more than the original posts. ‘We should have beefed up security on the site as soon as that first post appeared,’ he said, addressing his wife and business partner from in front of his gas fire. Silent spring rain sprinkled the window, and the back lawn glistened with tiny red pinpricks of light. Howard was feeling shivery, and was hogging all the heat emanating from the fake coal. For several days, nearly every visitor to the delicatessen and the cafe had been gossiping about the anonymous posts, about the Ghost of Barry Fairbrother and about Parminder Jawanda’s outburst at the council meeting. Howard hated the things that she had shouted being bandied about in public. For the first time in his life, he felt uncomfortable in his own shop, and concerned about his previously unassailable position in Pagford. The election for the replacement of Barry Fairbrother would take place the following day, and where Howard had felt sanguine and excited, he was worried and twitchy. ‘This has done a lot of damage. A lot of damage,’ he repeated. His hand strayed to his belly to scratch, but he pulled it away, enduring the itch with a martyr’s expression. He would not soon forget what Dr Jawanda had screamed to the council and the press. He and Shirley had already checked the details of the General Medical Council, gone to see Dr Crawford, and made a formal complaint. Parminder had not been seen at work since, so no doubt she was already regretting her outburst. Nevertheless, Howard could not rid himself of the sight of her expression as she screamed at him. It had shaken him to see such hatred on another human’s face. ‘It’ll all blow over,’ said Shirley reassuringly. ‘I’m not so sure,’ said Howard. ‘I’m not so sure. It doesn’t make us look good. The council. Rows in front of the press. We look divided. Aubrey says they’re not happy, at District level. This whole thing’s undermined our statement about the Fields. Squabbling in public, everything getting dirty †¦ it doesn’t look like the council’s speaking for the town.’ ‘But we are,’ said Shirley, with a little laugh. ‘Nobody in Pagford wants the Fields – hardly anyone.’ ‘The article makes it look like our side went after pro-Fielders. Tried to intimidate them,’ said Howard, succumbing to the temptation to scratch, and doing it fiercely. ‘All right, Aubrey knows it wasn’t any of our side, but that’s not how that journalist made it look. And I’ll tell you this: if Yarvil makes us look inept or dirty †¦ they’ve been looking for a chance to take us over for years.’ ‘That won’t happen,’ said Shirley at once. ‘That couldn’t happen.’ ‘I thought it was over,’ said Howard, ignoring his wife, and thinking of the Fields. ‘I thought we’d done it. I thought we’d got rid of them.’ The article over which he had spent so much time, explaining why the estate and the Bellchapel Addiction Clinic were drains and blots on Pagford, had been completely overshadowed by the scandals of Parminder’s outburst, and the Ghost of Barry Fairbrother. Howard had completely forgotten now how much pleasure the accusations against Simon Price had given him, and that it had not occurred to him to remove them until Price’s wife had asked. ‘District Council’s emailed me,’ he told Maureen, ‘with a bunch of questions about the website. They want to hear what steps we’ve taken against defamation. They think the security’s lax.’ Shirley, who detected a personal reproof in all of this, said coldly, ‘I’ve told you, I’ve taken care of it, Howard.’ The nephew of friends of Howard and Shirley’s had come round the previous day, while Howard was at work. The boy was halfway through a degree in computing. His recommendation to Shirley had been that they take down the immensely hackable website, bring in ‘someone who knows what they’re doing’ and set up a new one. Shirley had understood barely one word in ten of the technical jargon that the young man had spewed at her. She knew that ‘hack’ meant to breach illegally, and when the student stopped talking his gibberish, she was left with the confused impression that the Ghost had somehow managed to find out people’s passwords, maybe by questioning them cunningly in casual conversation. She had therefore emailed everybody to request that they change their password and make sure not to share the new one with anybody. This was what she meant by ‘I’ve taken care of it’. As to the suggestion of closing down the site, of which she was guardian and curator, she had taken no steps, nor had she mentioned the idea to Howard. Shirley was afraid that a site containing all the security measures that the superior young man had suggested would be way beyond the scope of her managerial and technical skills. She was already stretched to the limits of her abilities, and she was determined to cling to the post of administrator. ‘If Miles is elected – ‘ Shirley began, but Maureen interrupted, in her deep voice. ‘Let’s hope it hasn’t hurt him, this nasty stuff. Let’s hope there isn’t a backlash against him.’ ‘People will know Miles had nothing to do with it,’ said Shirley coolly. ‘Will they, though?’ said Maureen, and Shirley simply hated her. How dare she sit in Shirley’s lounge and contradict her? And what was worse, Howard was nodding his agreement with Maureen. ‘That’s my worry,’ he said, ‘and we need Miles more than ever now. Get some cohesion back on the council. After Bends-Your-Ear said what she said – after all the uproar – we didn’t even take the vote on Bellchapel. We need Miles.’ Shirley had already walked out of the room in silent protest at Howard’s siding with Maureen. She busied herself with the teacups in the kitchen, silently fuming, wondering why she did not set out only two cups to give Maureen the hint that she so richly deserved. Shirley continued to feel nothing but defiant admiration for the Ghost. His accusations had exposed the truth about people whom she disliked and despised, people who were destructive and wrong-headed. She was sure that the electorate of Pagford would see things her way and vote for Miles, rather than that disgusting man, Colin Wall. ‘When shall we go and vote?’ Shirley asked Howard, re-entering the room with the tinkling tea tray, and pointedly ignoring Maureen (for it was their son whose name they would tick on the ballot). But to her intense irritation, Howard suggested that all three of them go after closing time. Miles Mollison was quite as concerned as his father that the unprecedented ill-humour surrounding next day’s vote would affect his electoral chances. That very morning he had entered the newsagent’s behind the Square and caught a snatch of conversation between the woman behind the till and her elderly customer. ‘†¦ Mollison’s always thought he was king of Pagford,’ the old man was saying, oblivious to the wooden expression on the shopkeeper’s face. ‘I liked Barry Fairbrother. Tragedy, that was. Tragedy. The Mollison boy did our wills and I thought he was very pleased with himself.’ Miles had lost his nerve at that and slipped back out of the shop, his face glowing like a schoolboy’s. He wondered whether the well-spoken old man was the originator of that anonymous letter. Miles’ comfortable belief in his own likeability was shaken, and he kept trying to imagine how it would feel if nobody voted for him the following day. As he undressed for bed that night, he watched his silent wife’s reflection in the dressing-table mirror. For days, Samantha had been nothing but sarcastic if he mentioned the election. He could have done with some support, some comfort, this evening. He also felt randy. It had been a long time. Thinking back, he supposed that it had been the night before Barry Fairbrother dropped dead. She had been a little bit drunk. It often took a little bit of drink, these days. ‘How was work?’ he asked, watching her undo her bra in the mirror. Samantha did not answer immediately. She rubbed the deep red grooves in the flesh beneath her arms left by the tight bra, then said, without looking at Miles, ‘I’ve been meaning to talk to you about that, actually.’ She hated having to say it. She had been trying to avoid doing so for several weeks. ‘Roy thinks I ought to close the shop. It’s not doing well.’ Exactly how badly the shop was doing would be a shock to Miles. It had been a shock to her, when her accountant had laid out the position in the baldest terms. She had both known and not known. It was strange how your brain could know what your heart refused to accept. ‘Oh,’ said Miles. ‘But you’d keep the website?’ ‘Yeah,’ she said. ‘We’d keep the website.’ ‘Well, that’s good,’ said Miles encouragingly. He waited for almost a minute, out of respect for the death of her shop. Then he said, ‘I don’t suppose you saw the Gazette today?’ She reached over for the nightdress on her pillow and he had a satisfying glimpse of her breasts. Sex would definitely help relax him. ‘It’s a real shame, Sam,’ he said, crawling across the bed behind her, and waiting to put his arms around her as she wriggled into the nightdress. ‘About the shop. It was a great little place. And you’ve had it, what – ten years?’ ‘Fourteen,’ said Samantha. She knew what he wanted. She considered telling him to go and screw himself, and decamping to the spare room, but the trouble was that there would then be a row and an atmosphere, and what she wanted more than anything in the world was to be able to head off to London with Libby in two days’ time, wearing the T-shirts that she had bought them both, and to be within close proximity of Jake and his band mates for a whole evening. This excursion constituted the entire sum of Samantha’s current happiness. What was more, sex might assuage Miles’ continuing annoyance that she was missing Howard’s birthday party. So she let him embrace and then kiss her. She closed her eyes, climbed on top of him, and imagined herself riding Jake on a deserted white beach, nineteen years old to his twenty-one. She came while imagining Miles watching them, furiously, through binoculars, from a distant pedalo. How to cite Part Four Chapter IX, Essay examples

Different Application of Navisworks-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write about different applications of Navisworks, available versions and file types. Answer: Introduction Navisworks is a type of project review software that enables the architecture engineers and construction professional review the solution for design. It helps the construction and management professional in seeking powerful insight and predictability for improving the productivity and the quality of the design (Bynum, Issa and Olbina 2012). The different application of Navisworks and available versions are discussed in the following paragraphs. Different Application of Navisworks The various application of Navisworks are listed below- It improves the 3D presentation techniques with the consultants and the clients. The whole 3 D model of any project for example, construction, can be viewed and walked through. It helps is material changes and can be made instantaneously with the help of Navisworks. The core part of the software enables the user to access models from different options of 3D design and laser scan formats to combine all of them into a single 3D model. The clients can able to navigate around the model in real time and add feedbacks into the model with the help of markup tools. This software helps in publishing the complete 3D model in a single NWD file. Features like clash detective helps in finding the geometrical faults in the design (Han, Yue and Lu 2012) Autodesk Renderer feature of the Navisworks helps in producing photorealistic images and animations by applying materials and lighting in the model (Fischer et al. 2012). Navisworks helps in quantification that is, material estimate, measurement of the areas and building count components. The time-liner feature helps the users in linking time and dates to the geometrical shape in the model to stimulate the construction process in relation to time. This software can link data with every model and helps in planning the construction projects. ( Galic et al. 2014) Includes 3D design packages such as Autodesk revit, Micro-station and AutoCAD Animator feature helps the client and the user in animating and interacting with the 3 D model thus helping in improving and quality and efficiency of the design. Can read native AutoCAD .dwg file format Models in Navisworks can be exported in .nwc or .nwd format. Navisworks can simulate and manage the software support ADT/AutoCAD architecture texture. Object properties like color of the material and entity handles can be viewed in the Navisworks software. Navisworks supports inventor property as well and can be viewed and accessed in the property window (Dalton and Parfitt 2013). It can read .rvt files as well. Navisworks manage version supports micro-station materials and textures. Navisworks even supports simple 2D models. Feature of selection Inspector in Navisworks helps in selecting a number of items and exporting their properties. Files can be rendered and saved in cloud Time based clashes can be designed for ensuring enough clearance for moving objects on site (Solnosky, Quinn and Willard 2014). Navisworks has option of linking database and spreadsheet with the designed model. Available Version of Navisworks The available version of Navisworks are listed below Versions Feature Navisworks Jet Stream (former version) It is the initial version of the Autodesk Navisworks with limited features. Navisworks Freedom 2016 Updated Version than Jet Stream and requires Windows version 8(64 bit) and above for installation. It is a free viewer. Navisworks Manage 2016 The most widely used version of Navisworks. Navisworks Manage 2017 Updated Version of manage 2016 with addition of some extra features such as 4D simulation. Navisworks Simulate 2017 Includes new features like 5D analysis and simulation File types of Navisworks File format supported by Navisworks are mainly .nwd, .nwf, .nwc, and .nwp (Dodds and Johnson 2011). The details of this file formats are listed below File Formats Features .nwd .nwd files can be saved in the Navisworks if the user has the Navisworks publisher license. This file format stores all the data stored by .nwf format along with the model geometry. These files are more compact in comparison with CAD files. The advantage of this file is that, a user can access and view it even without the Navisworks software Using Navisworks freedom, which is a free viewer. .nwc This file extension is not for general use as it contains a cached version of the model. These files are created in order to transfer files into Navisworks to be saved in .nwf or .nwd file format. .nwp These are the Navisworks palette files, which can be saved and loaded from presenter and contains various user defined textures and materials. This file format is used to transfer the materials between projects. .nwf This file format stores all the Navisworks data and contains an index of all the files. This file format is strongly recommended to use when working in ongoing projects. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, different version of Navisworks software can provide a comprehensive review for designing a model for engineering, management and construction professionals. This is mainly used in the construction industry for planning and building a 3D model of the project under consideration. The most effective version of the Navisworks is Navisworks manage. References Bynum, P., Issa, R.R. and Olbina, S., 2012. Building information modeling in support of sustainable design and construction.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,139(1), pp.24-34. Dalton, B. and Parfitt, M., 2013. Immersive visualization of building information models.Design Innovation Research Center Working Paper,6(1.0). Dodds, J. and Johnson, S., 2011.Mastering Autodesk Navisworks 2012. John Wiley Sons. Fischer, T., De Biswas, K., Ham, J.J., Naka, R. and Huang, W.X., 2012. Real-Time RendeRing of laRge Building infoRmaTion models. Galic, M., Dolacek-Alduk, Z., Cerovecki, A., Glick, D. and Abramovic, M., 2014. BIM in planning deconstruction projects.eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction: ECPPM 2014, p.81. Han, N., Yue, Z.F. and Lu, Y.F., 2012. Collision detection of building facility pipes and ducts based on BIM technology. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 346, pp. 312-317). Trans Tech Publications. Solnosky, R., Quinn, B. and Willard, L., 2014. Reducing errors when using structural software. InStructures Congress 2014(pp. 2139-2150).

The Ugly Truth About Beauty Essay Example

The Ugly Truth About Beauty Paper M N Matthews, English 21A Section 1225 5 July 2011 The Ugly Truth about Beauty: Summary In the article entitled The Ugly truth about Beauty written by Dave Barry, Barry illustrates how women view differently about their appearance than men. Women have very unrealistic perspectives on beauty. Society and the media, encourages low self-esteem. Making beauty unattainable for women and causing adversely affects upon relationships. Women focus so much on their appearance to say â€Å"not good enough†, purchasing products from the beauty industry. In contrast, Men on the other hand do not spend as much time and effort on their appearance like women; they do not spend countless hours in the mirror trying to figure out why he doesn’t look like Brad Pitt. Instead men would find some way to bolster their self-esteem that doesn’t require the looks of Brad Pitt. However to keep in mind that Dave Barry†; A man has written the article, â€Å"The ugly Truth about Beauty†. Barry implies that women have low self-esteem, yet no matter how much you tell women how great she looks, in her perspective she will stand face to face in the mirror still conclude that something is missing about her appearance. But â€Å"just because WE’RE idiots, that does not mean YOU have to be†. To Agree or Not Yes I do agree with Barry’s assessment of why there are differences in the ways men and women view themselves. The Beauty Industry and the media is a great factor such as television. Celebrities are always on T. V. onstantly becoming a target of what’s next? Kids, men and women watch shows and at times pay close attention to them, wondering what their wearing ,trying to get a clue of what to wear and what not to wear. Media always find ways to a person mind through advertisements. T. V. ads promote clothes, beauty products implanting the idea that, â€Å"you need this product to age young† or â€Å"Have a great body for the summer with Nutri-system† ,â€Å"Turn heads with head and shoulders , New and Improved formula†. Advertisements from the media have a huge impact on men and women. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ugly Truth About Beauty specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ugly Truth About Beauty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ugly Truth About Beauty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They buy these products thinking that this is what they need to have a body like Jennifer Lopez or having firm skin like a new born baby. In conclusion Men and women have their own personal reasons why they feel the need to give in to the ad’s and purchase products because of what they promise to do. I feel that in some way women and men feel some type of insecurity based on what society and the media pitch, so they buy the products with the promising labels of how to look your best to fit in to the world.

World War II German Panther Medium Tank

World War II German Panther Medium Tank Armored vehicles known as tanks became crucial to the  efforts of France, Russia, and Britain to defeat the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in World War I. Tanks made it possible to shift the advantage from defensive maneuvers to offensive, and their use completely caught the Alliance off guard. Germany eventually developed a tank of their own, the A7V, but after the Armistice, all tanks in German hands  were confiscated  and  scrapped, and Germany was forbidden by various treaties to possess or build armored vehicles. All that changed with the rise to power by Adolph Hitler and the start of World War II. Design Development Development of the Panther began in 1941, following Germanys encounters with Soviet T-34 tanks in the opening days of Operation Barbarossa. Proving superior to their current tanks, the Panzer IV and Panzer III, the T-34 inflicted heavy casualties on German armored formations. That fall, following the capture of a T-34, a team was sent east to study the Soviet tank as a precursor to designing one superior to it. Returning with the results, Daimler-Benz (DB) and Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nà ¼rnberg AG (MAN) were ordered to design new tanks based on the study. In assessing the T-34, the German team found that the keys to its effectiveness were its 76.2 mm gun, wide road wheels, and sloping armor. Utilizing this data, DB and MAN delivered proposals to the Wehrmacht in April 1942. While the DB design was largely an improved copy of the T-34, MANs incorporated the T-34s strengths into a more traditional German design. Using a three-man turret (the T-34s fit two), the MAN design was higher and wider than the T-34 and was powered by a 690 hp gasoline engine. Though Hitler initially preferred the DB design, MANs was chosen because it used an existing turret design that would be quicker to produce. Once built, the Panther would be 22.5 feet long, 11.2 feet wide, and 9.8 feet high. Weighing around 50 tons, it was propelled by a V-12 Maybach gasoline-powered engine of about 690 hp. It reached a top speed of 34 mph, with a range of 155 miles, and held a crew of five men, which included the driver, radio-operator, commander, gunner, and loader. Its primary gun was a Rheinmetall-Borsig 1 x 7.5 cm KwK 42 L/70, with 2 x 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 34 machine guns as the secondary armaments. It was built as a medium tank, a classification that stood somewhere between light, mobility-oriented tanks and heavily armored protection tanks. Production Following prototype trials at Kummersdorf in the fall of 1942, the new tank, dubbed Panzerkampfwagen V Panther, was moved into production. Due to the need for the new tank on the Eastern Front, production was rushed with the first units being completed that December. As a result of this haste, early Panthers were plagued by mechanical and reliability issues. At the Battle of Kursk in July 1943, more Panthers were lost to engine problems than to enemy action. Common issues included overheated engines, connecting rod and bearing failures, and fuel leaks. Additionally, the type suffered from frequent transmission and final drive breakdowns that proved difficult to repair. As a result, all Panthers underwent rebuilds at Falkensee in April and May 1943.  Subsequent upgrades to the design helped reduce or eliminate many of these issues.   While initial production of the Panther was assigned to MAN, demand for the type soon overwhelmed the companys resources.  As a result, DB, Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen-Hannover, and Henschel Sohn all received contracts to build the Panther.  During the course of the war, around 6,000 Panthers would be constructed, making the tank the third most-produced vehicle for the Wehrmacht behind the Sturmgeschà ¼tz III and Panzer IV. At its peak in September 1944, 2,304 Panthers were operational on all fronts. Though the German government set ambitious production goals for Panther construction, these were seldom met due to Allied bombing raids repeatedly targeting key aspects of the supply chain, such as the Maybach engine plant and a  number of Panther factories themselves. Introduction The Panther entered service in January 1943 with the formation of Panzer Abteilung (Battalion) 51. After equipping Panzer Abteilung 52 the following month, increased numbers of the type were sent to frontline units early that spring. Viewed as a key element of Operation Citadel on the Eastern Front, the Germans delayed opening the Battle of Kursk until sufficient numbers of the tank were available. First seeing major combat during the fighting, the Panther initially proved ineffective due to numerous mechanical issues. With the correction of the production-related mechanical difficulties, the Panther became highly popular with German tankers and a fearsome weapon on the battlefield. While the Panther was initially intended to only equip one tank battalion per panzer division, by June 1944, it accounted for nearly half of German tank strength on both the eastern and western fronts. The Panther was first used against US and British forces at Anzio in early 1944. As it only appeared in small numbers, US and British commanders believed it to be a heavy tank that would not be built in large numbers. When Allied troops landed in Normandy that June, they were shocked to find that half the German tanks in the area were Panthers. Greatly outclassing the M4 Sherman, the Panther with its high-velocity 75mm gun inflicted heavy casualties on Allied armored units and could engage at a longer range than its foes. Allied tankers soon found that their 75mm guns were incapable of penetrating the Panthers frontal armor and that flanking tactics were required. Allied Response To combat the Panther, US forces began deploying Shermans with 76mm guns, as well as the M26 Pershing heavy tank and tank destroyers carrying 90mm guns. British units frequently fitted Shermans with 17-pdr guns (Sherman Fireflies) and deployed increasing numbers of towed anti-tank guns. Another solution was found with the introduction of the Comet cruiser tank, featuring a 77mm high-velocity gun, in December 1944. The Soviet response to the Panther was faster and more uniform, with the introduction of the T-34-85. Featuring an 85mm gun, the improved T-34 was nearly the equal of the Panther. Though the Panther remained slightly superior, high Soviet production levels quickly allowed large numbers of T-34-85s to dominate the battlefield. In addition, the Soviets developed the heavy IS-2 tank (122mm gun) and the SU-85 and SU-100 anti-tank vehicles to deal with the newer German tanks. Despite the Allies efforts, the Panther remained arguably the best medium tank in use by either side. This was largely due to its thick armor and ability to pierce the armor of enemy tanks at ranges up to 2,200 yards. Postwar The Panther remained in German service until the end of the war. In 1943, efforts were made to develop the Panther II. While similar to the original, the Panther II was intended to utilize the same parts as the Tiger II heavy tank to ease maintenance for both vehicles. Following the war, captured Panthers were briefly used by the French 503e Rà ©giment de Chars de Combat. One of the iconic tanks of World War II, the Panther influenced a number of postwar tank designs, such as the French AMX 50.

The context of Magna Carta and the Robin Hood films Essay

The context of Magna Carta and the Robin Hood films - Essay Example His story has won the hearts of many young and adventurous readers who view him as a type of deliverer, and it’s interesting to discover that he had a bigger impact in history than we know. The first time for the story to be put into film was in 1938. It was filmed in Technicolor and starred Errol Flynn as the main character. It was released in the United States on a whopping two-million dollar budget. It was highly acclaimed by critics and won three Academy awards. The plot is focused on the political affairs of medieval England. It shows how Robin Hood plays a big part in preventing the royal throne from being usurped while King Richard is away. His younger brother, Prince John has been scheming the whole time, hoping his brother would encounter some trouble so that he would take the throne. When it does happen, he takes power and immediately exercises his authority, raising taxes all over the kingdom. Meanwhile, King Richard is smuggled into England, disguised as a monk. He joins Robin Hood, and together, they outwit his treacherous brother and manage to win the throne back to its rightful king (Dirks, 2002). In the film, the Magna Carta is not mentioned, although it was a main event during those days. The Magna Carta was drafted by the barons and noblemen in the year 1215 and presented to the king as a strategy to limit his powers and lighten the loads he had placed on their backs. But the signing of this document did not fully give the people the freedom they wanted. King John still caused problems. Moreover, the pope denounced the charter, calling it treason against the king’s God-given authority. This gave the king courage to stand up to the barons, who reacted violently, plunging the country into civil war, and threatening its collapse (Danziger & Gilligam, 2003). All the while, Robin Hood had been banished to Sherwood Forest as an outlaw, and he was daily evading capture from the king’s soldiers. Since then, Hollywood has produced many other films about Robin Hood and his exploits, the newest one starring Russell Crowe as the main character. This is one of the few films that includes the Magna Carta within its plot. Set on the backdrop of the early 1200s, this film also dwells largely on the political conflicts in the royal courts. In the film, King John promises to sign a charter promising to establish fair and just laws that will limit the monarch’s power and protect their privileges. This was to be done after a French invasion led by King Philip was overthrown. Believing in his promise, the barons unite with the King’s army in fighting off the French in the coastal beaches of England. They attain success and are able to push back the French armies. Once this is accomplished, the final scene depicts the barons in London eagerly awaiting the King to keep his promise to sign the document. The king stares at the document loathsomely, then after a short moment of silence, sets it on fire and casts it to the ground. Seeing this, the barons break into anger and hurl their curses at the treacherous King John. Unperturbed, he summons his soldiers to contain the crowd, then as a final act of betrayal, he banishes Robin Hood from England, declaring him an outlaw. Robin Hood is then forced to hide in Sherwood Forest together with his band of merry men. Various

EU Legal Contexts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EU Legal Contexts - Essay Example The company terminated her services on 19 December 2006, providing her with a notice period up to 31 January 2007, calculating the period of service as 3 years, that is the computation period commencing from the time she was 25 years of age. The company ignored her pleas that she was serving the company for a period of 10 years that is, since December 2006, and thus her notice period should have been four months and not over one month as provided to her in her termination notice. Aggrieved, the petitioner took up this matter with Labour Court on the grounds that the subject clause in German Civil Code (BGB) which denies credit for the period below 25th year of service validity was void and â€Å"Paragraph 622(2) of the BGB is a measure which discriminates on grounds of age, contrary to European Union law, and must be disapplied.†1 Laws: There were two main questions that need to be answered in this case. The first question would be in terms of whether national legislation such as that at issue, under which periods of employment completed by the employee before reaching the age of 25, which was not taken into consideration in calculating notice period for dismissal, constitutes a difference of treatment on grounds of age prohibited by European Union law, with special reference to EC Directive 2000/78/EC. ...The main contention in the reckoning would be â€Å"Thus in the case of two employees each with 20 years’ seniority in service, the one who joined the undertaking at the age of 18 will be entitled to a notice period of five months, whereas the period will be seven months for the one who joined at the age of 25. †¦ the situation of Ms Kucukdeveci shows – may, despite several years’ seniority in service in the undertaking, be excluded from benefiting from the progressive extension of notice periods in the case of dismissal according to the length of the employment relationship, from which older workers of comparable seniority w ill, by contrast, be able to benefit.†

Harmful Effects of Embalming Fluid

Harmful Effects of Embalming Fluid Both formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde based embalming solutions are widely used in preserving dead bodies and in pathology, forensic medicine and museums. Phenoxyethanol may be an alternative to them. Each of them has its merits and demerits but none of them is totally non-toxic. This review is about various possible adverse effects of these embalmbing solutions. Key words: Embalming solutions, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde and Phenoxyethanol. Introduction After death human body starts putrefaction, to prevent this process embalming is required. By this process dead body retains its morphological characteristics for a longer time period. Later on this preserved body is used in medical institutes for the study of anatomy by students. Anatomy is the backbone in medical curriculum in which students learn the external and internal structures of human body in detail. Moreover embalming procedure can also be used to keep dead bodies intact during transportation. Besides this, embalming solution is essential constituent in preservation of parts in pathology, forensic medicine and museums. These solutions contain number of chemicals mixed in appropriate ratio for their specific purposes. Important constituents are preservatives, buffers, anticoagulants, germicides, fungicides, perfuming agents, hygroscopic agents, dyes, etc. An ideal embalming solution should neither alter the natural structures including color of the specimen, nor have any type of adverse effects in form of topical or systemic. It should also prevent growth of insects and maggots and the putrefaction process. All these characteristics are usually not found in the routinely used embalming solutions. Therefore it becomes an important issue to educate the persons regarding the possible damages produced by the embalming solutions. This review article has been written with intention to give the information regarding components used in the embalming solutions their advantages and disadvantages. Important chemicals like formaldehyde, glutarldehyde, methyl alcohol, phenol, glycerine, oil of winter green, eosine solution, phenoxy ethanol are used to make the embalming solutions. Depending upon the concentration of individual chemical these solutions have been grouped in to three types: (a)Formaldehyde based embalming solution, (b) Glutaraldehyde based embalming solution and (c) Phenoxyethanol based embalming solution. Formaldehyde Formaldehyde (HCHO) is most commonly used chemical for embalming purposes. Formaldehyde is a colorless gas with a strong, suffocating odor. It is often mixed with alcohol to make liquid called formalin. The largest source of formaldehyde is the chemical manufacturing industry. Formaldehyde is found in cigarette smoke and also can be formed in the environment during the burning of fuels or household waste. Very small amount of formaldehyde is found naturally in the human body. Formaldehyde is a popular chemical because of its low cost and can be used for many purposes like making furniture, wall paneling, etc. Formaldehyde also can be used as germicide and preservative. It is also found in items such as dyes, textiles, plastics, paper products, fertilizer, and cosmetics. Formaldehyde solutions are used as a fixative for microscopy and histology. Formaldehyde-based solutions are also used in embalming to disinfect and temporarily preserve human and animal remains. The concentration of formaldehyde is usually expressed in terms of parts per million (1 ppm = 1.248 mg/cu.m.). This is prepared by mixing the commercially available formalin solution with tap water in the proportion of 3:1 [1]. The use of formaldehyde in preserving the tissues, organs, and body parts is very common. Technicians in histology laboratory, students in anatomy classes, are exposed to this solution. Formaldehyde has been known to produce allergy, contact dermatitis, eczema, irritation and inflammation to mucus membranes, and if ingested can produce systemic toxicity which can be fatal. This also has tendency to produce mutations and development of malignancy. Permissible limits of occupational exposure to formaldehyde are 3 ppm in a time weight average breathing zone during an 8-hour period, a ceiling concentration of 5 ppm and an acceptable maximum peak of 10 ppm for no longer than 30 minutes during a one day shift. To reduce the toxic potential of formalin it needs to be buffered by additio n of a small quantity of Sodium tetraborate to get a slightly alkaline solution with a pH of 7.2. This buffered formalin needs to be freshly prepared just before preparing the embalming fluid. These chemicals are mixed to make an embalming fluid. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde by inhalation is mainly from three types of sources: thermal or chemical decomposition of formaldehyde-based resins, formaldehyde emission from aqueous solutions (for example, embalming fluids), and the production of formaldehyde resulting from the combustion of a variety of organic compounds (for example, exhaust gases) [2]. Once absorbed, formaldehyde is very quickly broken down. Almost every tissue in the body has the ability to break down formaldehyde. It is usually converted to a non-toxic chemical called formate, which is excreted in the urine and is converted to carbon dioxide and breathed out of the body. But formaldehyde can be toxic, allergenic, and carcinogenic [3]. Acute exposure of formalin adversely affects pulmonary system. It may decrease vital capacity much more as compared to other pulmonary parameters. This may be attributed to bronchoconstriction produced by formalin [4]. Experimental studies have shown that exposure of formal dehyde may damage liver. This destruction is directly proportional to the length of exposure of formaldehyde. Few clinical studies have also shown the damaging effect of formaldehyde on liver of human beings. The hepatic damage occurs in form of congestion of hepatic parenchyma and elevation of hepatic enzymes [5-7]. Neurological toxicities after exposure to formaldehyde in human beings are manifested in form of fatigue, headache, myalgia etc. If toxicity is due to formaldehyde ingestion, person may have loss of memory, seizures, altered behavior, altered consciousness and in severe cases coma. Animal exposure of formaldehyde has shown brain damage in form of altered neurotransmission. The main neurotransmitter changes are increased serotonin and dopamine metabolites in hypothalamus [8, 9]. Hematopoietic system is not much affected by the formaldehyde exposure. However intravascular coagulopathy, alteration of red cell count and hemoglobin concentration has been reported in some stu dies [8]. Gastrointestinal tract is not much affected when exposure is through inhalation. However, when ingested it may adversely affect the GIT. If toxic dose of formaldehyde is ingested it produces inflammatory lesions of orophyarnx, soft palate, pharaynx, epiglottis, esophagous, stomach. These lesions are due to contact irritant and corrosive nature of formaldehyde. The lesion may be in form of ulcerations and necrosis. Clinically this toxicity manifests in form of abdominal cramps, vomiting, haematemasis, malena, altered gut motility etc. Chronic ingestion of formaldehyde may also give rise to gastric and esophageal malignancies [8-10]. Though renal system is not a major target of formaldehyde metabolism, however risk of renal failure and anuria is there in persons acutely exposed to the formaldehyde. The animal experiments have shown that formaldehyde can produce renal papillary necrosis, polyuria, increased blood nitrogen [9]. Formaldehyde is a skin irritant and dermal sensit ization agent. Contact dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, erythema, epidermal hyperplasia have been shown to occur due to chronic exposure of formaldehyde in animals as well as in human beings [11]. Air born formaldehyde exposure most frequently produces eye irritation. Endocrine system and reproductive organs are minimally affected [12]. Formaldehyde may have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Out of all cancers nasopharyngeal cancer has been well established to have association with formaldehyde exposure. Fortunately formaldehyde has not been correlated with teratogenic potential [13-15]. To reduce the risk of damage due to formaldehyde, certain measures can be adopted. Replacing the formaldehyde with less hazardous chemical, reducing the concentration of formaldehyde in the solution, proper storage of product, closing the jar when not used, disposal of exposed clothes are some of them. Facility of fume hood just at the site of embalming, wearing personal protective equipments like face mask, safety goggles, self contained breathing apparatus, gloves, water proof smock, head gear etc further reduces the chances of exposure. Careful monitoring of lung function tests, chest x-ray, allergy testing, and examination of eyes time to time should be adopted. Other important work practices recommended are labeling the container, educating employee regarding the possible adverse effects, monitoring the air concentration of the room, avoiding eating and smoking at work place. Formaldehyde is inflammable and precautions to prevent fire should be taken. Any spill should be immedia tely informed. If spill occurs evacuate the room and reach to the safe place, eliminate all ignition points, spread the dry sand over the chemical, ventilate area. If contact has occurred the person should wash skin, eyes, remove contaminated clothing and should be treated as an emergency [16]. Glutaraldehyde Glutaraldehyde an aliphatic dialdehyde is a colorless liquid with pungent smell. It is one of the best biocide agents for disinfection and sterilization at hospitals. This is very widely used in medical, scientific, and industrial application. As fixator in histochemistry and microscopy, tanning agent and as ingredients in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals are some of the important uses of gluteraldehyde pharmaceuticals [17, 18]. Radiologists use gluteraldehyde as hardener in x-ray developing solution [19]. Though considered a relatively safe, it possesses irritating and corrosive properties. The strength of gluteraldehyde may vary from 1 to 50% [20]. This variable concentration exposure may give rise multiple unexpected toxic effects. In general due to its corrosive and irritant effects it produces throat irritation, nasal bleeding, burning eyes, precipitation of asthma and sneezing [21]. Due to its tanning effect it also discolors the hands of handling persons. Large acute dose can pre cipitate severe headache, vomiting, and altered consciousness. The persons commonly exposed to glutaraldehyde are staff workers involved in sterilization of endoscopes, dialyzing machine, research workers, and x-ray film developers. Glutaraldehyde exhibits superior properties to formaldehyde in relation to the fixation, disinfection and sterilization. It is more effective in less concentration and in less time exposure as compared to formaldehyde. Regarding the embalming properties, glutaraldeyde is slow diffusing, but develops rapid irreversible reactions with the body proteins. This is in contrast to the formaldehyde which is fast diffuser, but produces reversible reactions with proteins. This characteristic of glutaraldehyde favors its use as embalming solution. Only disadvantage of glutaraldehyde as embalming solution is the slow tissue perfusion resulting in appearance of signs of embalmation very late. Hardening and stiffening of body occurs after long duration. So the body ha s life like appearance for a longer time. Another advantage of glutaraldehyde is that reactions are less affected by pH alterations and it reacts even at the higher pH where formaldehyde becomes inactive. Because of slow diffusion and perfusion rate glutaraldehyde reacts less with blood and blood perfused tissues. This leads to minimum coagulation and more clearing of blood from tissues. This persevered tissue becomes clearer in appearance. However, if glutaraldehyde solution is kept for long time yellowish tanning and darkening of tissues occur. Regarding the toxic potential of glutaraldehyde, it is relatively safe but numbers of animal studies have indicated that oral ingestion can produce gastrointestinal damage, alteration of behavior, precipitation of seizures. Local external contact has tendency to produce contact dermatitis, brown discoloration of skin, exfoliation of skin, conjunctivitis. Vapor inhalation of glutaraldehyde may precipitate bronchospasm, nasal discharge, excessive lacrimation, salivation, and dyspnoea [22]. Another drawback of glutaraldehyde is that it may produce photosensitivity to the ultra-violet rays. This may be responsible for the erythematous lesions after sun exposure. There is no proven risk of glutaraldehyde as genotoxic and mutagenic agent but most of the studies are based on animals. Therefore chances of mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity cannot be excluded in humans. The persons exposed to glutaraldehyde for long duration should undergo through regular medical checkups. The te ratogenic potential has not been reported in animal studies but if possible the exposure of glutaraldehyde should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation [23]. Phenoxyethanol Phenoxyethonol also known as phenoxytol or phenoxyethyl alcohol is a colorless or light yellow, viscos liquid. This is a strong oxidizing agent. It is incompatible with acidic solutions and also has combustible property. Phenoxyethanol is a modern antimicrobial preservative. Presently this is used as common preservative in diphtheria, tetanus, and pertusis vaccine. This inactivates both bacterial and fungal growth. Other use of phenoxyethanol is as preservative of cosmetic materials. Due to its ability to inhibit phagocyte activity it is supposed to be toxic to all cells. Moreover it can alter the immunity of the exposed persons. As for the other alternative chemicals in place of formaldehyde, Frolich et al in 1984 tried using phenoxyethanol as its non-toxic substitute. It proved to be impractical as the amount required was large, i.e., about 600 litres for each cadaver needing continuous emersion to prevent mould formation and the fixation process taking 5 to 10 months [24]. Various adverse effects by Phenoxyethanol can be: central nervous depression, nausea, vomiting, sometimes diarrhea, prominent headache, later abdominal lumbar pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, transient polyuria then oliguria, progressing to anuria, acute renal failure, less critical pathological lesions may appear in brain, lungs, liver, meninges heart  [25]. Other components which are used in embalming solution are methyl alcohol, carbolic acid, sodium tetraborate, glycerine, eucalyptus oil, and eosine. Methyl alcohol helps in precipitation of proteins and reducing contamination. This also helps in dispersion of formaldehyde into the body tissues. Carbolic acid helps by its germicidal and fungicidal actions. Sodium tetraborate is used as buffer agent and stabilizing agent. Eucalyptus oil acts as perfume and eosine helps in giving the reddish color to the tissues. Conclusion Considering all the characters of chemicals used in embalming solution one can see that it is impractical to find out non toxic embalming solution. The person involved in process of embalming as well as students should be taught regarding the possible hazardous effects and methods to minimize. The place should be well equipped for handling of any emergency condition. Each one involved should be taught regarding the procedures of basic life supports. If any untoward incidence happens the person should be stabilized by basic life support followed by shifting to the place equipped with advance life support system.

Osama bin Laden

Qaeda terror group. Initially the group denied involvement, but then as time went on they admitted to having been behind the attacks. Some of the reasons the listed for the attacks were: Us support of Israel, because of attacks against Muslims in Russia, Somalia, and the Middle East, and against the US troops in Saudi Arabia, and the US sanctions against Iraq. This led to one of the largest manhunts in the world, for AY-Qaeda leader, Osama Bin Laden.The manhunt lasted for ten years before he was caught and killed. This was an attack that would change the United States forever. It created a reason for the security and anti-terror measures that we have today. It is the reason why planes are so heavily guarded, and why so many counter-terror measures are in effect today. It was the cause of 2996 deaths including the hijackers. The attacks led to FBI operation PENITENT, which is the largest military investigation still to date. It also had an impact far beyond any security or civil ones mentioned.It had a cultural impact the started thousands of hate crimes against Muslims, or perceived Muslims. It started multiple wars, and triggered thousands more deaths. It was a catalytic event. It is and will be remembered in American history. But different people remember this incident with different memories and reactions. I was four at the time. I can remember a big fuss and something happening, but don't remember any actually details of the attack. My dad however, remembers the incident quite clearly. He talked about having no idea that it would be any day different than normal.He was teaching High school at the time at COB. My mother called to tell him to turn on the radio or the TV and see what was happening. They watched for the next few hours until the towers collapsed and all the information was revealed. The attacks on 9-11 were the worst ever in history. All though thousands died and were injured, it also provided something to rally around. It became a cry to come b ack to God and good values and change the nation. It was one of the biggest events even to happen in our age.

Leadership Skills To Support Strategic Direction Education Essay

Todaies fast altering and much composite concern universe requires much more from a director than it used to a decennary ago, it requires about a perfect person. Some of the most of import accomplishments for a director could be ; clip direction, prioritising the undertakings, puting SMART aims, and good communicating accomplishments. 1: Time Management: Since concern agencies value, so there is nil valuable so clip for concern forces. The astonishing thing of Time Management is that the balance can be decided objectively and could be self-imposed through the usage of the journal. A director might merely make up one's mind that one hr a hebdomad should be devoted to forces issues and would so apportion a regular block of clip to that activity. If the mill is on blazing, or World War III is declared, the director may hold to re-allocate this clip in a same, designated intent. In same manner clip may be allocated for staff preparation. The entire clip spent in pull offing such long term aim is little, but without that proper be aftering it can non be achieved. Once the Personal Time Management is implemented, it is deserving utilizing some of that control to augment your ain calling. Some quiet weekend, you should be after out your ain long term aims and program a path to them. As you set any long term aim, allocate clip to the sub-tasks and supervise your advancement. If you do non be after your fate, you are improbable to acquire at that place. 2: Prioritizing undertakings: To me once the clip direction accomplishment is good developed this accomplishment comes with it, it ‘s merely to cognize how much clip a undertaking demand. Decidedly a director should be capable of prioritising the undertakings for non to lose any valuable chance. 3: Communication accomplishments: To be a good successful director, you have to wish people and be good at pass oning both written and verbal. This is difficult to deny, If you do n't wish interacting with people, it ‘ll be difficult or even impossible to pull off them good. You must hold good personal contacts in your administration. You need relationships that does non intend needfully personal friendly relationships with a just figure of people, that include your ain employees. You must promote and actuate these people to state you what ‘s traveling on and give you feedback about what people are believing about the company and your function in it as a director. 4: Smart obejectives: This means specific, mensurable, accomplishable, relevant, clip edge. This is what a sound minde director must hold. This is some kind of realistic attack evey director should develop. Leadership skills to back up strategic way of org: 1: A good leader has an model character. It is of most importance that a leader is trusty single to take others. A leader must to be trusted by subsidiaries and be known to populate their life with honestness and unity. Real authorization is evolved from regard for the good character and trustiness of the individual who leads. A 2: A good leader is enthusiastic about their responsiblity and besides about their function as leader. People respond more openly warmy to a individual of passion and dedication. Leaderships must be able to be a good beginning of inspiration, a incentive towards the accomplishments. The duties and functions of a leader could be different, the leader needs to be seen to be major portion of the squad working towards the end accomplishment. This sort of leader will non be chilling to turn over up their arms and acquire dirty. A 3: A good leader must be confident. To take and put way a leader needs to look confident as a personality and in the leading function. Such type of individual inspires others and draws out the trust and best attempts of the squad to finish the undertaking good. A leader who give message of assurance towards the proposed aim inspires the best attempt from squad members. A 4: A leader besides needs to work in an orderly and prooerlyl mode in state of affairss of uncertainness. Peoples look to the leader for counsel during times of uncertainness and strangeness and happen reassurance and security when the leader portrays assurance and a positive demeanour. A 5: Good leaders are tolerant of apresure and stay unagitated, composed and steadfast to the chief intent. Storms, emotions, and all these crises come and go and a good leader takes these as portion of the journey and keeps a cool caput. A 6: A good leader allways maintain the chief end in focal point is able to believe analytically. Not merely does a good leader position a state of affairs as a whole, but is able to interrupt it down into sub parts for closer review. Not merely is the end in position but a good leader can interrupt it down into manageable stairss and do advancement towards it. A 7: A good leader is committed to excellence. Second best does non take to success. The good leader non merely maintains high criterions, but besides is proactive in raising the saloon in order to accomplish excellence in all countries PERSONAL SWOT ANALYSIS: 1 ) STREANGTHS: I can pass on really good, this truly helped me a batch during my work at M.C.B and my clients admired me due to this quality at bank. I can work as a leader this quality proved to be helpful in group treatments at work and survey every bit good peculiarly in group undertakings assignments and presentations. I know the mind of my clients, this truly polished me during my occupation at M.C.B and it besides enhanced my professionalism, which is must in practical life. I can follow the guidelines purely of foremans, this helps to stay close to foremans and one who is occupation holder can truly understand that how of import it is. I have good ego control, during occupation this helps a batch when steering the clients this quality keeps me in bounds of any state of affairs. I can work long hours continuously. I ever plan my work efficaciously before get downing even a individual action towards it. During work I met with different people from different backgrounds and civilization, this enhanced my understanding about civilizations. 2 ) Failing: I am a spot weak at mathematical use and I truly felt this during my occupation because I was working with an organisation covering with money, so I remain to much cautious during my occupation. I am sometime a slow worker so it became a hurdle to run into the deadlines and this besides brings some unfavorable judgment organize other co-workers. I take some clip to follow new things this is because I ever like to cognize deep about anything coming new in my manner. I am a spot low tempered individual so erstwhile others may experience that I ‘m non acting in proper manner. I can non digest any sort of ill-mannered behaviour from any one. 3 ) OPPURTUNITIES: During work at M.C.B I truly learned a batch from my seniors from professionalism point of position. Working in fiscal organisation helped me to the regulations purely and expeditiously. With so many clients to cover with it besides brought me the assurance to undertake the different sorts of state of affairss geting with every new client. Working underpresure besides grabbed some staying power to my personality and helped to better my low temper wont. As a new alumnus and with good cognition of new appliances used in modern banking I helped my seniors to do them understand new engineering this besides created regard for me from my seniors 4 ) Menace: Political intervention in organisations is making some jobs for gifted employees. Due to political attack some un qualified individuals are going portion of concern which creates a low quality and criterion of work. Largely these occupations are contract based this brings limited clip to stay in organisation with fright of occupation loss. Technological factor sometime besides brings job for employees because of less staff in physical visual aspect. Personal accomplishments audit: It is a simple work one merely has to do a list of what one is good at and so merely what one demand to better them more. SKILLS AREA I CAN Make THIS WELL OK, BUT I NEED MORE Practices I CA N'T Make THIS PRIORITY DEVELOPMENT OF THIS SKILL 1 = really of import, 2 = rather of import, 3 = non of import ORGANIZATION OF LEARNING I have schemes to assist me to be after and pull off my clip 1 I am able to efficaciously prioritize my undertakings and activities 1 I am able to work to deadlines 2 I am cognizant of what makes my larning more effectual ( e.g. topographic point to analyze, clip to analyze etc ) 2 Information SEEKING Skill I am able to happen a specific book or diary in the library utilizing the online catalogue ( Talisprism ) 2 I am able to utilize a assortment of different beginnings to happen information ( e.g. diaries. books, electronic resources ) 1 I am able to entree and hunt electronic resources ( online databases, electronic diaries CD-ROMs ) 2 I am able to utilize hunt gateways on the Internet to happen information 3 I am able to measure the information I find 1 Reading AND NOTEMAKING I can make up one's mind which parts of a book I need to read 1 I have a system for entering where I find information ( e.g. book, writer, day of the month ) 3 I can choose and utilize different reading schemes ( e.g. skim, scan, in-depth ) 1 I can do effectual notes when reading 1 I can do effectual notes when hearing ( e.g. during talks ) 2 I have a system for entering and hive awaying my notes 1 Skills Area I Can Make This Well Ok, But I Need More Practice I Ca n't Make This Priority Development Of This Skill 1 = Very Important, 2 = Quite Important, 3 = Not Important Writing Skill I can analyze assignment ( essay, describe etc ) inquiries to find what is expected 1 I understand the difference between an essay and study 2 I can bring forth a written program to reply an assignment inquiry 1 I can mark, utilize grammar and spelling right 1 I am confident I can show my thoughts clearly in written signifier 1 I am able to accommodate my composing manners to accommodate the appropriate media/audience 1 I understand the demand to cite my work to avoid plagiarism 2 SPOKEN COMMUNICATION I am able to show my positions verbally 1 I am confident speech production in forepart of a group of people 1 I can fix, program and present a presentation 2 I can utilize ocular AIDSs to back up a presentation 2 I work good as a member of a group or squad 1 I am able to listen to and appreciate the positions of others 1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY I am able to utilize a word processing package bundle to bring forth my assignments 1 I can utilize a assortment of different computing machine package ( e.g. Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Access ) 3 Working WITH NUMBERS I am competent in doing simple computations 1 I can show numerical information accurately 2 I can aptly utilize a assortment of numerical techniques ( e.g. per centums, fractions, decimals ) 3 I can construe and present information in graphs and illustrations 2 REVISION AND EXAM TECHNIQUES I am able to be after my alteration clip 1 I am able to put myself ends 1 I am able to utilize a assortment of different alteration techniques ( e.g. practising inquiries, head function etc ) 2 I can choose and utilize techniques to assist me retain and remember information 1 I use schemes to assist me in the test room ( e.g. planning clip, get bying with anxiousness ) 1 STRESS MANAGEMENT I know what causes emphasis 1 I am cognizant of my personal symptoms of emphasis 2 I can utilize schemes to assist me get by with my emphasis 1 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT Planning I am able to place my personal ends 1 I am a good justice of what my strengths and countries for development are 1 I am able to place chances for larning outside my class, e.g. nines, societies, employment 2 I am able to be after for my personal development 1 Positive results of PDP: Some positive results of taking a personal development attack to your surveies are: A It helps in deriving a clearer focal point to your acquisition. Helps to maintain yourself motivated towrds ends. Provises better apprehension of how you learn and how to better your public presentation. More enjoyment and less emphasis and confusion from your acquisition as you become consciously skilled. More consciousness of how to use your larning to practical life and work outing new jobs and contexts. Professional thought accomplishments that can beef up academic public presentation. Benefits of PDP to professional life Brands thoughts more clear about the sort of life and work you want. Brings greater assurance degree in the picks you make. Greater assurance in the accomplishments developed, brings qualities and attributes to the calling of your pick. Bing in a better place to vie for occupations. It helps you to be able to discourse your accomplishments, personal qualities and competencies with employers. Better problem-solving and planning accomplishments. It develops the positive attitudes and attacks in personality associated with successful professional life. Benefits of PDP to personal life A better apprehension of yourself and how you ‘tick. ‘ Bing in a better place to do appropriate picks to run into your aspirations. Greater consciousness of your demands and how to run into these. Greater consciousness of the alone part you can do. Developing a positive, advanced attack. REFRENCES: Wiziq instruction online ( 2008 ) . Study skills Audit [ online ] . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wiziq.com/tutorial/93902-Study-Skills-Audit Nasir, M. Saeed ( 2004 ) . Introduction to concern. Imtiaz Book Depot. Nasir, M. Saeed ( 2002 ) . Skills to thrive. Imtiaz Book Depot. Decenzo, A. David & A ; Robbins, P. Stephen ( 2007 ) . Fundamentalss of HRM. Wiley India.

Right Answers and Hard Cases - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3287 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? In legal reasoning, the idea that a right answer can be found in hard cases is pure fiction. Discuss. Introduction It is often said that ‘hard cases make bad law’, but it is submitted by way of an opening observation that categorical statements regarding the law and its modus operandi are misleading at best and usually unreliable at the margins. The statement under review in the title to this work, in declaring that it is pure fiction that right answers can be found in hard cases, must be treated with suspicion from the outset. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Right Answers and Hard Cases" essay for you Create order The phrase grates uncomfortably with this commentator. There are remarkably few concrete rules in law, and given that our legal system is a vast and organic entity in a constant state of flux and development this can come as no real surprise.[1] In law there are exceptions to almost every conceivable rule, and normally there are several tiers of exceptions and jurisprudential tributaries flowing from that primary caveat. One sure way to provoke a combative response from a lawyer is to declare that something in law is either black or white. Almost nothing is, and for good reason. The infinite shades of grey that colour our legal system sustain the flexibility that allows it to cater for the uncountable scenarios in which it may be called upon to intervene. This commentator’s initial assertion is therefore that the right answers can sometimes be ascertained from hard cases, to say that such is pure fiction is overstating the point. The Wizard of Oz is pure fiction, but at law al most anything is possible, as countless surprised litigants may testify. Legal Reasoning: An Elusive Art Legal reasoning is a subjective process steered by the objective paradigms and general principles established by the legal system in question. It is an art, more than a science. There is no such thing as two plus two equals four and, as stated, few universal certainties.[2] As such it is very difficult to define exactly what occurs in the mind of a judge, advocate or jury as they dwell on the issues confronting them in any particular case.[3] Moreover there is nothing to say that a particular methodology is endorsed and applied by a particular court or a specific individual on a consistent basis: legal reasoning is a nebulous and elusive process subject, on each occasion that it is invoked to a fluctuating constellation of variable factors. When asked to define legal reasoning most lawyers will respond with a long pause, and if an answer is volunteered it is unlikely it wil l correspond to other versions offered. Typically, for every line taken by a particular judge from a general principle or issue to a verdict a different judge or advocate who started from the same conceptual point of departure will take a slightly or sometimes wildly different route which may or may not result in arrival at the same place in law. Dworkin confirms this specific analysis in his writing,[4] although, that said, his commitment to a ‘one right answer thesis’ remains firm. The way in which Dworkin justifies this apparent contradiction is to assert that right answers can differ from person to person and interpreter to interpreter.[5] There is a distinct lack of consensus among legal theorists as to the proper definition of the schematic profile of the fundamental interpretive processes inherent in legal reasoning. One of the key points of disagreement is as to whether interpretation in legal reasoning can as a matter of course lead judges to derive the à ¢â‚¬Ëœone right answer’ in relation to the legal issue in question. For example, in his work ‘On Reason and Authority in Laws Empire’[6] Finnis refutes Dworkin’s assertion that it is possible for interpretative protocols in legal reasoning to steer judges to a so-called ‘one right answer, at least in the terms articulated by Dworkin, given the fact that there are enduring inequalities in the criteria under which competing interpretations must be comparatively evaluated and judged. In contradicting the architecture of Dworkin’s base thesis, Finnis submits that while judges and advocates must obviously endeavour to search for good answers and circumnavigate bad ones, it would be foolish to wed oneself to the pursuit of the holy grail of uniquely right answers in the context of legal interpretation. This commentator argues that there is a degree of truth in both these philosophical stances and that there is something to commend both theories in p ractice.[7] However, in line with the approach articulated in the opening to this paper, it is inevitable that neither offers a definitive formula in this context. Addressing the Question: Right Answers and Hard Cases It is at this stage probably worth questioning the concepts entailed in the title itself. The notion that a case can generate a right answer is hard to defend in all but the most straightforward cases. One must first define exactly what one means by right? Moreover, it is submitted that the notion that a case can generate a right answer which will thereafter be applicable in all similar cases must inevitably be flawed, given that no two cases are identical and that subtle differences in the facts and background to a case may render even the best precedents unwieldy or inequitable. It also fails to take account of the fact that society is in a constant state of flux and evolution, and that what is right in one set of circumstances at one point in time might not be deemed so appropriate at some future point in time. Is the right answer one that delivers justice and equity in the case in question to the benefit of one concerned litigant, or one that maintains the integrity and promotes the future application of the law for the benefit of many potential litigants and the stability of the legal system, which in turn reinforces the stability of the wider community it serves and governs? It is a difficult question, because while the interests of the majority must inevitably outweigh the interests of the minority what value is there in a legal system that delivers decisions blind to the particular circumstances of a certain case. It is submitted that a delicate balance must be struck. There are many areas of law where decisions appear to be reached on a case-by-case basis judged predominantly on the court’s perception of their merits. Naturally, this does little for the internal and underlying coherence of the jurisprudence, or reasoning expounded in the case. When sitting collectively judges may agree on an ultimate ruling but on the footings of different rationales, and this creates a problem in the subsequent application of precedents, and indeed for the cases overall coherence among other similar cases and within the ambit of the greater law at issue. Judges are human beings, not machines, and they are usually predisposed to ensure a deserving outcome in a case, but this may cause anomalies and convoluted tensions in the applicable law and its related tributaries. As has already been stated hard cases make bad law, although with a view to the opening thesis expressed in this paper this commentator would amend that familiar phrase along the following lines: ‘hard cases often make bad law’. The greatest difficulty seems to occur when the courts are faced with emotive cases, or cases of special sensitivity, or litigants of vastly differing power or moral authority. It is submitted that it is crucial to explore fully the relationship between law and morality in this context in light of the fact that differing interpretations of the law are in significant part provoked by different subjective evaluations of moral issues. Inevitably, this underlying disparity provokes differing verdicts on any given point of jurisprudence. Once one accepts the interplay and influence of morality in the field and process of legal reasoning it becomes easier to understand the real difficulty inherent in defining anything of substance relating to the matter at hand with any degree of reliable certainty. It is submitted, with confidence, that morality is a uniquely personal matter. Like fingerprints, if not more so, every person on earth has a slightly different set of moral codes. There are of course various norms and generalities that enjoy the support of the vast majority of humanity, such as thou shalt not kill, but even this most basic of moral rules is subject to a huge number of caveats and provisos depending on the context at issue. The problem is that whatever particular moral stance is endorsed and applied at law, it needs to be objectively justified if it is to be held up as establishing mandatory applicability in relation to a particular question. The very notion of a perfect right answer in any particular case is therefore complicated and obfuscated by ephemeral issues of morality before matters such as the uniformity of the greater span of case-law can even be considered. Re A: the law at its limits Clucas and O’Donnell discussed the issue of law and morality in the context of a very hard case indeed in their paper ‘Conjoined Twins: the cutting edge’[8]. Their paper considered, in particular, the case of Re A (children) (conjoined twins: surgical separation)[9] which challenged moral, legal, medical and ethical interpretative norms to their fullest extent. The case involved conjoined twins identified as Mary and Jodie respectively. Unfortunately, Mary was not viable, having a heart and lungs which were non-functioning, she would not have survived birth if born alone, in addition her brain function was drastically impaired. Jodie’s heart was sustaining Mary’s life, but could not do so for long. Medical testimony established that Jodie’s heart would fail under the increased pressure as the twins grew, and that both twins would die. The medical team caring for the twins believed that the only course of action was to separate the twins, which would end Mary’s life but give Jodie an excellent chance of survival and the prospect of a relatively normal life. However, the parents of the twins believed that it was not right to give their consent to an operation that would result in Mary’s certain death and argued that God’s will should be allowed to prevail. One of the key questions brought before the court was whether the rules forbidding homicide were applicable in the same w ay to conjoined twins in these circumstances as to all other persons? Positivism suggests that the law is exhausted where there is no rule available to be directly applied to a particular situation. It is submitted that in such cases, judges must use their discretion to create a new legal principle. In such a circumstance it could be said that the answer to the dilemma ’how should the law respond to the sacrifice of a conjoined twin?’ can be effectively reduced to whatever the judge responsible concludes. On the other hand Dworkin, who champions the school of legal idealism, consistently refutes the notion that the law can be exhausted. He argues that underlying legal principles sustain express and specific rules, and that these fundamental rules are capable of deriving an answer to any situation on careful interpretation and application.[10] Dworkin, contends that judges do not have carte blanche to make law, but that they may find the relevant law by distilling it from established general principles. This is undeniably a difficult field of endeavour, especially in a situation as emotionally and morally charged as the one confronting the court in Re A. It is clear that the question as to exactly what the law is, or what it should be, in a hard case such as this where the law fails to offer specific guidance, steers those charged with its interpretation to investigate the deeper concepts of law.[11] In so-called hard cases such as Re A it is clear that the underlying concepts of law must be drawn on once it is clear that conventional rules derive no clear or readily apparent answer. It is submitted that Hart, for one would support this thesis, given that legal reasoning must by definition have some basis on which to derive its fundamental authority.[12] To say that hard cases can never yield the right answers is clearly foolish. It is argued that it depends on the judge, the susceptibility of the base legal principles and all the circumstan ces of the case. The way in which the court in question responds to the challenge of appraising the concept of law at the heart of the matter whether the law and morality are divorced along positivist lines, or whether morality and the law are deemed to be conceptually connected in the tradition of natural law or legal idealism will always determine the appropriate approach to the law, whether the case is hard, or straightforward on its facts. In Re A, a stark choice confronted the Court of Appeal. In short the Court could refuse to permit the operation to separate the conjoined twins, in which case both children would die, or the Court could grant its permission to carry out the operation, which would result in Mary’s certain and immediate death. Adrift in uncharted legal territory, with the lives of two baby girls in their hands and all the consequent pressure that that entailed, all three Lord Justices reasoned that the only appropriate course of action was to prefer the lesser of the two evils. Accordingly the Court choose to rule that the proposed operation was not unlawful and that it should be allowed to go ahead in the hope that Jodie’s life, at least, could be saved. It is submitted that this hard case generated a difficult but undeniably prudent and well founded decision. The ruling was posited in particular on an interpretation of the necessity in the circumstances defence and although it resulted in the court-sanctioned termination of an innocent life, it can plainly be justified on the grounds of protecting the interests of the child with the real chance of survival. The ruling acknowledges that not all life is equal, and, though unfamiliar to our legal system and moral code, it is a principle that will become increasingly familiar. Medical science has now advanced to a stage where human life can be sustained almost in perpetuity and the law must adapt to the challenge of developing new principles to replace old rules now mad e redundant by technological progress. Re A prompted the court to return to reasoning on base conceptual principle and it is submitted that the court delivered the right result. This case alone defeats the assertion made in the statement under review in the title to this paper which is always the risk when one is foolhardy enough to make concrete statements in law. However, as technology continues to develop new challenges and questions will be posed and hard cases will continue to arise in this arena. The courts will sometimes produce the wrong answer in such difficult cases, certainly more often than they will in easily determined and straightforward cases, but then judges are but human and the occasional tendency to err is part of the human condition. However, that is very far indeed from saying that for a court to arrive at the right decision in a hard case is pure fiction. Concluding Comments The title to this work prompts discussion of the bold statement: â€Å"In lega l reasoning, the idea that a right answer can be found in hard cases is pure fiction†. In concluding, this commentator submits that the analysis undertaken in the body of this paper has not shaken the initial assertion set out in its introduction. The statement can be struck down as an oversimplification of reality which is blind to the fact that, in the past, hard cases have generated good law not perhaps the so-called right answer, if such a thing ever truly exists but law which is appropriate to the circumstances and the status quo of the legal system as a whole[13]. An example of good law derived from a hard case lies in the ruling generated by Re A, as discussed, which embodied thoughtful and sincere judgments in the most difficult of circumstances to derive what was surely the only morally tenable answer. It is unnecessary to delve any deeper than Re A to confound the statement under review, and that underlines the foolishness of making unequivocal statements in this f ield. Of course, hindsight yields 20/20 vision, but just because a decision is poorly interpreted and applied in future cases, does not necessarily mean that it was born as bad law. To say that it is pure fiction that a hard case could ever have the capacity to further the law in this regard is a nonsense. However hard it may be in the circumstances to find an answer, it is never impossible that that answer might be the best one available. Moreover, to assert such is a slight on those hardworking, conscientious and capable judges and advocates that work to ensure the integrity of the legal system, no matter how challenging a particular case may at first sight seem. In summation, although hard cases have won a reputation for deriving unreliable and unsatisfactory rulings it is naà ¯ve and blinkered to suggest that such cases are never capable of producing the right answer, whether one defines right as what is right between the parties, or right in terms of the stability and ef ficacy of the greater legal system. In law one can never say never, and one must take care to define one’s terms precisely when venturing to make bold and categorical statements. It is submitted that subjective processes such as legal reasoning are not susceptible to the objective language of mathematics or scientific certainty. The statement under review is pregnable to criticism on both these fronts, and just plain wrong in substance. To claim that the quality of a judgment inevitably depends on the simplicity of the case is untenable if not laughable, and that is this commentator’s final word. THE END WORD COUNT: 3130 (excluding footnotes) BIBLIOGRAPHY Holland and Webb, Learning Legal Rules, Oxford University Press, (2003) Dworkin, R., Law’s Empire, Fontana Press, (1986) Finnis, J., ‘On Reason and Authority in Law’s Empire’ (1987) 6 Law and Philosophy, 357-380. MacCormick, N., Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory, Clarendo n Press, (1978). Hart, H.L.A., The Concept of Law, Oxford University Press (1994). Clucas and O’Donnell, ‘Conjoined Twins: the cutting edge’ [2002] 5 Web JCLI. Dickson, Julie, Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning, The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (Fall 2005 Edition): https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=legal-reas-interpret Marmor, A., Interpretation and Legal Theory, Hart Publishing (2005) Weinreb, L., Legal Reason: The Use of Analogy in Legal Argument, Cambridge University Press (2005) Cases as footnoted 1 Footnotes [1] See for an insightful overview: Holland and Webb, Learning Legal Rules, Oxford University Press, (2003), Chapter 1. [2] For an excellent commentary on this issue see: Dickson, Julie, Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning, The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (Fall 2005 Edition): https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=legal-reas-interpret. [3] See for comment: MacCormick, N., Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory, Clarendon Press, (1978). [4] Dworkin, R., Law’s Empire, Fontana Press, (1986) Chapter 11. [5] See note 2 above. [6] Finnis, J., ‘On Reason and Authority in Law’s Empire’ (1987) 6 Law and Philosophy, 357-380. [7] See also: Weinreb, L., Legal Reason: The Use of Analogy in Legal Argument, Cambridge University Press (2005). [8] Clucas and O’Donnell, ‘Conjoined Twins: the cutting edge’ [2002] 5 Web JCLI. [9] [2000] 4 All ER 961. [10] Dworkin, R., Law’s Empir e, Fontana Press, (1986). [11] See for a general commentary: Hart, H.L.A., The Concept of Law, Oxford University Press (1994). [12] See note 9, chapter 1. [13] See for deeper analysis: Marmor, A., Interpretation and Legal Theory, Hart Publishing (2005).